What are the mechanisms of chemical change?: notes and practice questions

This topic covers Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory and pH calculations. A Brønsted-Lowry acid donates a proton; a base accepts one.

This topic covers electron transfer reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and electrochemical cells. Oxidation is electron loss, an increase in oxidation state, or oxygen gain/hydrogen loss.

This topic explains electron sharing reactions involving highly reactive radicals. A radical is a molecular entity with an unpaired electron.

This topic covers nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions, focusing on electron-pair sharing. A nucleophile is a reactant that forms a bond by donating both bonding electrons.

This topic extends proton transfer reactions to include the pOH scale and quantitative analysis of weak acids and bases. The pOH scale is defined by $\text{pOH} = -\log_{10}[\text{OH}^-]$.

This topic extends electron transfer reactions to electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, and electrolysis. The standard hydrogen electrode, $\text{H}^+(\text{aq}) + \text{e}^- \rightleftharpoons \frac{1}{2} \text{H}_2(\text{g})$, is assigned $E^\circ = 0 \text{ V}$.

This topic covers no additional higher level content beyond the standard level material for electron sharing reactions, as explicitly stated in the IB Chemistry guide.

This topic covers advanced electron-pair sharing reactions, including Lewis acid-base theory, coordination compounds, and detailed organic reaction mechanisms. Lewis acids are electron-pair acceptors; Lewis bases are electron-pair donors.