Models of bonding and structure: notes and practice questions
Structure 2 covers the three bonding models, ionic, covalent, metallic, plus "from models to materials" (polymers, alloys, nanoparticles). The hard part is knowing which model a given substance actually needs and not defaulting to Lewis structures for something metallic.
Subtopics
- Practice questionsThe ionic model
This topic covers the formation, nature, and characteristic properties of ionic compounds. Metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), while non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).
- Practice questionsThe covalent model
This topic covers models of covalent bonding, molecular structures, and their influence on properties. A covalent bond forms from electrostatic attraction between shared electron pairs and positively charged nuclei.
- Practice questionsThe metallic model
This topic explains the metallic model of bonding and how it accounts for the characteristic properties of metals. A metallic bond is the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.
- Practice questionsFrom models to materials
This topic explores how bonding and structure influence material properties, using models to explain them. Bonding is best described as a continuum between ionic, covalent, and metallic models, represented by a bonding triangle.
- Practice questionsThe ionic modelHL only
This topic extends the understanding of the ionic model by exploring its connections to other higher level concepts. Relate the ionic model to the variable oxidation states of transition elements, explained by successive ionization energies.
- Practice questionsThe covalent modelHL only
This topic covers advanced aspects of covalent bonding, including coordination compounds, separation techniques, resonance, expanded octets, and orbital hybridization. Identify coordination bonds in transition element complexes.
- Practice questionsThe metallic modelHL only
This topic explains the unique properties of transition metals, focusing on the role of delocalized d-electrons in metallic bonding. Transition elements exhibit high melting points and electrical conductivity.
- Practice questionsFrom models to materialsHL only
This topic covers the formation and breakdown of condensation polymers and biological macromolecules. Condensation polymers form when functional groups in monomers react, releasing a small molecule.
